C++ is the standard almost everywhere; almost every videogame is written in C++ these days (unless it is written in C).
C is actually kind-of annoying; like needing to declare all your variables at the top of a function. If not for that, it's basically C++
I honestly don't recommend Java or php. They are outmoded--they're clunky and cumbersome to write, not especially easy to read, and not especially fast. Seriously, don't bother with Java.
JavaScript is still relevant, though, because of AJAX.
Python is the language that wins at "fast to write, easy to read". It has the GIL, though, so if you're actually planning to do multithreaded then it's not for you. (Hint: you're probably not; use Python if you want a newbie language). Ruby (and especially Ruby on Rails) is pretty hot right now because it can do multithreading and is about as nice as Python. It's a little clunkier to write than Python, looks like, but not a lot.
SQL and variants are worth knowing. If you're just programming for fun, though, avoid them; nobody actually likes writing sequel querries.
C# is good if you want to tie into little Windows utilities because the API is there and just works quickly, and you even get nice visual editors with Visual Studio. If your goal is anything other than making a windows dialog box, though, then there's no particular reason to use it.
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Cats land on their feet. Toast lands peanut butter side down. A cat with toast strapped to its back will hover above the ground in a state of quantum indecision